The Ordovician Period, long considered a supergreenhouse state, saw one of the greatest
radiations of life in Earth's history. Previous temperature estimates of up to ∼70C have …

… In all, 186 shell samples were reacted with oversaturated orthophosphoric acid at 70 C. δ
18 O and δ 13 C values were measured with a Thermo Fisher Scientific MAT 253 mass …

Fossil biogenic apatites display rare-earth element (REE) patterns which have been proposed
to reflect environmental and biological controls on past seawater composition. These …

I n Making Silicon Valley, Christophe L cuyer shows that the explosive growth of the
personal computer industry in Silicon Valley was the culmination of decades of growth and …

… They are weighed into tin reaction capsules, loaded into quartz tubes, and degassed for 30
minutes at 80 C in vacuum. The samples are then heated at 1100 C for 1 minute to promote …

… a pronounced ∼5C cooling in the Late Pliensbachian (margaritatus–spinatum ammonite
Zones boundary). This cooling event is followed by a marked ∼7–10C seawater warming in …

A detailed record of sea surface temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere based on migration
of marine invertebrate fauna (ammonites) and isotopic thermometry (δ 18 O values of …

Modern bone and enamel powders have reacted at 301 K with 13 C- and 18 O-labelled
waters under inorganic and microbial conditions. The aim of the study is to investigate the …

… A and three C atoms at 2.22 A; despite the similarity of 0 and Cphase shifts, attempts to fit
an 0 shell at 2.22 A together with a C shell at 1.96 A or to fit two shells of OC resulted in …

… and C isotope records of well-preserved brachiopod shells from the same section. The
brachiopod shell δ 13 C curve … Our results indicate that both C isotope negative excursions were …